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Creates a new value node in the computational graph with automatic differentiation. Input is converted to matrix representation internally.

Usage

val(data, label = "")

Arguments

data

Numeric value (scalar, vector, or matrix)

label

Optional character label for debugging

Value

A value object

Details

All values are stored as matrices internally:

  • val(5) creates a 1x1 matrix

  • val(c(1,2,3)) creates a 3x1 column vector

  • val(matrix(...)) preserves matrix dimensions