Gradient of a value object x with respect to e in backward(e), e.g., dx/de. (applies the chain rule)

Gradient of a value object x with respect to e in backward(e), e.g., dx/de. (applies the chain rule)

Usage

# S3 method for class 'value'
grad(x, drop = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

x

A value object

drop

If TRUE (default) and result is 1x1, return scalar. Set to FALSE to always return a matrix.

...

pass additional arguments

Value

The gradient as scalar (if 1x1 and drop=TRUE) or matrix